Many low- and middle-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa face  an education financing crisis. Exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic,  rapid improvements in access place severe pressure on the adequacy  of public education expenditure, with average per-student public  expenditure in the region being less than one-tenth that in Europe and  Central Asia (World Bank, 2022). Some countries have successfully  mobilized private sector finance to support education beyond  the financing provided by government. These efforts have been  particularly common in technical and vocational education and training  (TVET), where countries including Tanzania and Zambia have introduced  skills levies on businesses, which are channeled into dedicated funds  to support TVET (see Box 1).