We thank our project sponsor, Robert Gold, and the other key project stakeholders, Paul Lopata, former Principal Director for Quantum Science; and Bethany Harrington, Director for Technology and Industrial Base Assessments. We also thank Ray Mijares, Clare Mer-nagh, Eun Oh of OUSD (R&E), and Cheryl Samuel of the U.S. Air Force’s Office of Commer-cial and Economic Analysis. All provided invaluable guidance during this project. Within RAND, we thank Howard Shatz, Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Benjamin Sakarin, and Jim R. Mignano for research assistance; Marjory S. Blumenthal and Caolionn O’Connell for pro-viding very useful feedback as quality assurance reviewers; and Rosa Maria Torres for helping format this report. Finally, we thank the representatives of the industry organizations listed in Chapter Three for agreeing to speak with us.