Pathway to net zero carbon. Referring to the IEA’s NZE 2050 scenario, the world needs  to lower emissions by ~461GT of CO2 cumulatively over 2020-50. The pathway to NZE  2050 rests on three key themes: electrification (~321GT of CO2 emission reduction); CCUS/carbon capture; utilisation and storage (~73GT); and hydrogen (~68GT). 

Indonesia is a globally competitive supply chain for energy transition. This is  because it is a key producer for: (1) copper – an important component for the electrification  trend globally; (2) nickel––a metal with 70% higher energy density compared to lithium; and (3) alumina––an intermediate material for aluminium and alternative to copper as a  conductor. Indonesia boasts competitive advantages especially in copper (some of the  largest/highest-grade projects) and nickel (the largest global producer with ~40% share).