this paper examines the
autobiography written by medical doctors and the conversations
between the medical doctors and patients or between the doctor and
patients' family members in order to further understand the
embarrassment and difficult challenges due to the recorded fourconstraint limitations and the relatively restricted exposure of the female
patients. The characteristics of the medical treatment practices, in their
social environment under once prevailing medical practices of the Ming
Dynasty, are researched and studied in the following outlined summary:
First of all, limited by the constraints of the social environment, female
physicians were only exclusively practicing in the residence
accommodating females and birth rooms; female physicians were also
facing the negative images imposed by the male-dominant society; and
nevertheless it cannot be neglected that their pre-existing conditions and
practicing experiences had still provided other in-service physicians
with abundant educationable knowledge. Secondly, the medical
consultation and communication had to be performed through a female
patient's family or close relative. Most patients could not make a request
or ask a question directly; they were passively recognized as patients
without voices; female patients were feeling embarrassed in requesting a
medical service due to their concern over the confidential privacy which
could delay their chances to cure their diseases and could eventually
cause their unavoidable death. Third, physicians had their bias opinions
over females on the basis of their knowledge of the female physiology
and psychology. They assumed that females were easily to get agonized,
depressed, emotionally weak and unstable. Most descriptions regarding
female patients, according to the medical case studies, were neither
objective nor friendly. Fourth, according to the recorded case studies
and the registered medical treatment history, not all the socialized

restrictions between males and females were followed up closely when

本文研究了

医生写的自传和医生与病人之间或医生与病人之间的对话。

医生与病人之间或医生与病人家属之间的对话，以进一步了解

的对话，以进一步了解

尴尬和困难的挑战，因为所记录的四种限制和女性患者的相对限制性接触

患者。医疗实践的特点，在其

的社会环境下的医疗实践特点。

在下面的概述中，我们对医疗实践的特点进行了研究和探讨。

首先，受社会环境的限制，女医生只能在社会上行医。

首先，受社会环境的限制，女医生只能在住宅和产房中专门行医。

首先，受制于社会环境的限制，女医生只能在容纳女性的住宅和产房内行医；女医生也

首先，受社会环境的限制，女医生只能在容纳女性的住所和产房里工作；女医生还面临着由男性主导的社会所强加的负面形象；以及

然而，不能忽视的是，她们原有的条件和实践经验仍然为她们提供了其他的内涵。

然而，不能忽视的是，她们以前的条件和执业经验仍然为其他在职医生提供了丰富的可教育的知识

丰富的可教育性知识。第二，医疗

第二，医疗咨询和交流必须通过女性患者的家人或近亲进行。

患者的家人或近亲。大多数病人不能直接提出要求

大多数病人不能直接提出要求或问题；他们被动地被认为是没有声音的病人。

她们被动地被认为是没有发言权的病人；女性病人在要求医疗服务时感到尴尬，因为她们担心

女病人在要求医疗服务时感到尴尬，因为她们担心保密的隐私会耽误她们的治疗机会。

女性患者在要求医疗服务时感到尴尬，因为她们担心保密的隐私会耽误她们治疗疾病的机会，最终可能会

导致他们不可避免的死亡。第三，医生们对女性有偏见

对女性的偏见是基于他们对女性生理和心理的了解。

和心理学知识。他们认为，女性很容易感到痛苦。

抑郁，情感脆弱和不稳定。大多数关于女性病人的描述

根据医学案例研究，对女性病人的描述既不客观也不友好。

客观也不友好。第四，根据记录的案例研究

和登记的医疗史，并非所有的社会化的

密切关注男性和女性之间的限制，当