Cro-Magnons were the first fully modern Europeans?not only the creators of the stunning cave paintings at Lascaux and elsewhere, but the most adaptable and technologically inventive people that had yet lived on earth. The prolonged encounter between the Cro-Magnons and the archaic Neanderthals and between 45,000 and 30,000 years ago was one of the defining moments of history. The Neanderthals survived for some 15,000 years in the face of the newcomers, but were finally pushed aside by the Cro-Magnons' vastly superior intellectual abilities and cutting-edge technologies, which allowed them to thrive in the intensely challenging climate of the Ice Age.

What do we know about this remarkable takeover? Who were the first modern Europeans and what were they like? How did they manage to thrive in such an extreme environment? And what legacy did they leave behind them after the cold millennia? The age of the Cro-Magnons lasted some 30,000 years?longer than all of recorded history. Cro-Magnon is the story of a little known, yet seminal, chapter of human experience.

克鲁玛努人是第一批完全现代的欧洲人，不仅是拉斯科和其他地方令人惊叹的洞穴壁画的创造者，而且是迄今为止生活在地球上的适应性最强、技术上最具创造性的人。克鲁玛努人和古老的尼安德特人在4.5万至3万年前的长期交锋是历史的决定性时刻之一。面对新来者，尼安德特人生存了大约1.5万年，但最终被克罗马努人巨大的智慧能力和尖端技术推到了一边，这使得他们能够在冰河时代极具挑战性的气候中茁壮成长。

我们对这一非凡的接管行动了解多少？谁是第一批现代欧洲人，他们是什么样的人？他们是如何在这样一个极端的环境中茁壮成长的？他们在寒冷的千年之后又留下了什么遗产？克鲁玛努人的时代持续了大约3万年，比所有有记载的历史都长。克鲁玛努人是一个鲜为人知的故事，但却是人类经历中具有开创性的一章。