Power systems are at the heart of the energy transition, and their organisational structures will determine to a great extent how the energy transition progresses. However, power system organisational structures themselves need to transition, evolving from the fossil fuel era to become fit for the renewable energy era. This dimension of the energy transition has often been overlooked.

Discussion on this topic has been mainly limited to power system specialists from developed countries.

As a consequence, it is often biased towards liberalised contexts and is narrowly focused on the power system layer itself. However, a successful transition hinges on collaborative efforts with a global dimension, requiring deep, active and informed participation from all countries reflecting different socio-political contexts. A holistic approach is needed that addresses the interactions across the different systemic layers: power, energy, economy, social and Earth (Figure S-1).