Artifi cial intelligence (AI) is rapidly developing, which has already brought us to what can be considered the “intelligent era” where AI has penetrated almost every aspect of society. This can be seen by the series of sophisticated products and services that have emerged to form an “AI ecosystem” which has brought with it the benefi ts of the technology to individuals, to businesses and to service of public interest. In 2019, UNESCO published the Beijing Consensus on Artifi cial Intelligence and Education (UNESCO, 2019), the fi rst ever document to off er guidance and recommendations on how best to harness AI technologies for achieving the Education 2030 Agenda. In 2021, United Nations Educational, Scientifi c, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) issued “AI and education: guidance for policy- makers” (Miao et al., 2021) which shared the belief that the use of AI-enabled or ‘smart’ robots in education is a way in which AI can be leveraged to enhance education. In “Gathering Strength, Gathering Storms: The One Hundred Year Study on Artifi cial Intelligence (AI100) 2021 Study Panel Report” (Michael et al., 2021) issued by Stanford University, robotics is also regarded as one of the most important advances in AI, and its development was driven in part by the need to support social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, UNESCO published “K-12 AI curricula: A mapping of government-endorsed AI curricula” (UNESCO, 2019) to guide the future planning of enabling policies, the design of national curricula or institutional study programs, and implementation strategies for AI competency development.