New technologies and digital platforms have ushered in a rise of gig, freelance, contract, andother types of independent work. Although independent workers and the gig economy as a wholehave received plenty of attention, little research has examined the heterogeneity of workcharacteristics among different independent work opportunities, specifically as it relates to theparticipation of women in this workforce. Existing data indicate that some digital platforms aremore male dominated, whereas others are more female dominated. What accounts for thesedifferences? In this paper, we empirically examine the heterogeneity of work within independentwork opportunities in relation to female participation by analyzing work characteristics in theUnited States from the Occupational Information Network (O*Net) database that reflect greatertemporal flexibility, which has been shown to vary across occupations and to attract more femaleworkers. Our findings suggest that women in the independent work context do self-select into thetypes of independent work jobs that reflect greater temporal flexibility, as is the case for womenworking in traditional employment. However, our findings also reveal that the way in which theexisting literature measures temporal flexibility in traditional work settings may not be the sameas the way it is measured in the context of independent work. We discuss the implications of ourfindings for public policy and labor laws.
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