This report was written by a team led by Kulwinder Rao (Lead Transport Specialist) and Fatima Arroyo-Arroyo (Senior Urban Transport Specialist), and comprising consultants from MetaMeta—Frank van Steenbergen, Taye Alemayehu Hulluka, Kifle Woldearegay, Anastasia Deligianni, and Marta Agujetas Perez—as well as Xavier Espinet Alegre (World Bank Transport Specialist) and Aminata Nguitone Dia (World Bank Consultant), under the over-all guidance of Nicolas Peltier (Practice Manager) and Aurelio Menendez (Practice Manager) and overall leadership of Franz R. Drees-Gross, Director. The document benefited from useful comments and contributions from Kanta Rigaud (Lead Environment Specialist), Shomik Raj Mehndiratta (Practice Manager), Fiona Collin (Lead Transport Specialist), Chris Bennett (Lead Transport Specialist), Andrew Losos (Senior Transport Specialist), Kenichiro Tachi (Senior Environmental Engineer), Nicolas Desramaut (Senior Environmental Engineer), John Bryant Collier (Senior Environmental Specialist), Joop Stoutjesdijk (Lead Irrigation and Drainage Specialist), Kazi Fateha Ahmed (Environmental Specialist), Justin Runji (Senior Transport Specialist), Brendan Halleman (Vice President Europe and Central Asia of International Road Federation); Josep de Trincheria Gomez (Emergency WASH and Rainwater Harvesting Specialist), Eric Howard (Road Safety Consultant), Ian Greenwood (Road Engineering Consultant), and Damon C. Luciano (Consultant).

We would like to acknowledge th following people for their ideas, insights, contributions, and inspirations: Abraham Abhishek, Khalid A. M. Ahmed, Mohammed Al-Abyad, Khondaker Alinoor, Madiha Kamal Al-Junaid, Michael Anyala, Alemgena Araya, Janeiro Avelino, Alemayehu Ayele, Heinz Bender, Judith de Bruyne, Marlies Batterink, Jelle Beekma, Cecilia Borgia, Robert Bogere, Luwieke Bosma, Annabel Bradbury, Roelof Buffinga, Karen Campbell, Eugenio Cha-verde, Simon Chevalking, Joseph Chibwe, Rudolph Cleveringa, Petter Claesson, Flavia S. Cosoveanu, Fernando Dabo, Messay Daniel Tulu, Fabricio del Rio Valdivia, Jonathan Demenge, Lakew Desta, Ivan G. Ebong, Getachew Engdayehu, Letty Fajardo Vera, David R. Fay, Sean Furey, Timmo  Gaasbeek, Diego Garcia-Landarte Puertas, Hilary Galiwango, Maheshwor Ghimire, Russell Gilbert, Jorge Giovanhica, Peter Gitonga, Dr. Berhane Grum, A. M. Aminul Haque, Ibnul Hasan, Nicholas Hawkins,