Ammonia is the starting point for all mineral nitrogen fertilisers, forming a bridgebetween the nitrogen in the air and the food we eat. Around 70% of ammonia isused to make fertilisers, with the remainder used for a wide range of industrialapplications, such as plastics, explosives and synthetic fibres. Ammonia may alsoserve as a low-carbon energy vector in the future, but that application is notconsidered within the core analytical scope of this technology roadmap. Ammoniaproduction accounts for around 2% of total final energy consumption and 1.3% ofCO2 emissions from the energy system. An increasingly numerous and affluentglobal population will lead to growth in ammonia production, during a period inwhich governments around the world have declared that emissions from theenergy system must head towards net zero.