This case study describes how Hunan’s spending programs were directed at specific vulnerable groups to reduce poverty. The vulnerable groups include the elderly living in poverty, people with disabilities, and migrant workers and their left-behind children. Hunan Province mainly provided subsidies largely funded by the provincial government, with funding assistance from the central government. The government-subsidized poverty reduction primarily included social security, education, and health care-related interventions. The tailored financial support for poverty reduction largely referred to industrial development, consumption, employment, and financial tools including microfinance. Hunan has improved infrastructure to benefit vulnerable groups, through the construction of elderly service facilities, protection centers for minors, nursing institutions for the disabled, and children’s homes in villages. The province has achieved 100% coverage of all the elderly people living in poverty with pension insurance. Hunan’s poverty alleviation efforts eradicated absolute poverty in the province in 2020, but the problems of relative poverty and rural–urban imbalance persist. More can be done to ensure the sustainability of poverty alleviation approaches, including improving the efficiency and supervision of poverty alleviation funds, increasing investments in disease prevention and exploring the combination of policy and commercial insurance for medical services, and implementing various commercial insurance systems and charitable donations.